On May 21st, we will focus on the Calendars' CrossCultur'Roads
We will then be introduced to the Egyptian year
Following the fluctuations of the Nile
Aiming at the regulation of agricultural works
A year divided into 12 months,
Each month made up of 3 decades of 10 days each
Without forgetting the five epagomenal days
Days considered harmful, birthdays of Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys and Horus
We'll discover Mayan calendars
The sacred Tzolk'in in his 260 days
The solar Haab,
Composed of 360 days and 5 additional days, known as wayeb
Without forgetting the long count, which links both
We will meet the Yellow Emperor 黄帝 Huáng Dì
At the origin of the Chinese calendar
Which, in 2021, will have turned to the year 4718
We will move closer to the Hebrew lunar-solar calendar
Which, during 2021, will have entered the year 5782
Its solar years, of its lunar months,
And we will familiarize with the rules of the weekly Shabbat
We will use the Buddhist calendar
Beginning with the parinirvana of the Buddha, in 543 BC
Which, in April 2021, will have begun the year 2564
We will remember how the year 1582
Saw the advent of the Gregorian calendar
While the Julian calendar
Introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC
Would follow its own course
We will remember that the Hegira in 622 began the Muslim calendar
Which in August 2021 will have gone from 1442 to 1443
We will also pay much attention
To many other accounts of time
Whether they are Assyrian, Republican, Iranian, Hindu, Aztec...
All these variations helping us to approach one facet of our diversity of histories and chronicles
And instruments to report on them...
On May 21st, with your help, we will focus on the Calendar CrossCultur'Roads...
Les calendriers - Qu'ils soient assyrien, républicain, iranien, hindou ou aztèque...
Le 21 Mai, nous nous porterons sur les Routes interculturelles calendaires
Nous nous initierons alors à l'année égyptienne
Suivant les fluctuations du Nil
Visant à la régulation des travaux agricoles
Une année divisée en 12 mois,
Chaque mois constitué de 3 décades de 10 jours
Sans oublier les cinq jours épagomènes
Jours réputés néfastes, considérés comme les anniversaires d'Osiris, de Seth, d'Isis, de Nephtys et d'Horus
Nous nous mêlerons aux calendriers mayas
L’un sacré dit Tzolk'in au gré de ses 260 jours
L’autre solaire, dit Haab,
Composé de 360 jours et de 5 jours additionnels, dits uayeb
Sans oublier le compte long, faisant le lien entre les deux
Nous retrouverons l’Empereur Jaune 黄帝 Huáng Dì
À l’origine du calendrier chinois
Qui, en 2021, aura consacré l’année 4718
Nous nous rapprocherons du calendrier luni-solaire hébreu
Qui, au cours de 2021, sera entré dans l’année 5782
De ses années solaires, de ses mois lunaires,
Et nous nous familiariserons avec les règles du chabbat hebdomadaire
Nous prendrons connaissance du calendrier bouddhiste
Débutant avec le parinirvâna du Bouddha, en 543 av. J.-C.
Lequel, en avril 2021, aura ainsi débuté l’année 2564
Nous nous souviendrons comment l’année 1582
Vit l’avènement du calendrier grégorien
Prêt à se planétariser
Tandis que le calendrier julien
Introduit par Jules César en 46 av. J.-C.
Suivrait lui-même sa course
Nous nous rappellerons qu’avec l’Hégire en 622
Débuta le calendrier musulman
Qui en août 2021 sera passé de 1442 à 1443
Et comment ne pas prêter pareille attention
À tant d’autres comptes du temps des humanités
Qu’ils soient assyrien, républicain, iranien, hindou, aztèque…
Autant de variations qui nous aideront peut-être à approcher une facette de notre diversité de récits et de chroniques
Une facette de notre richesse historique
Et des instruments pour en rendre compte…
Le 21 Mai, avec votre concours et vos éclairages, nous nous porterons sur les Routes interculturelles calendaires…
The Tzolkin consisted of 20 periods each with 13 days for a 260-day count. Day names - 01: Imix, 02: Ik’, 03: Akʼbʼal, 04: K’an, 05: Chikchan…. The word tzolkʼin means "division of days”.
“Each day had a number and a name, the numbers from 1 to 13 and 20 day names. When the 13 numbers were gone through, they began again, and the 20 day names continued. When the day names were gone through, they repeated, and the numbers continued up to 13. The cycles of 13 and 20 repeated until they came back to the first number, first name again in 260 days. The priests who kept the calendars used the Tzolkin to determine days for sowing and harvest, military triumphs, religious ceremonies and divination.” (historyonthenet.com)
Ancient Egyptian calendar - A solar calendar with a 365-day year consisting of three seasons of 120 days each, and an intercalary month of five epagomenal days. The three seasons were relying on the variations of the Nile river from the flood to low waters.
Calendrier égyptien
Calendrier égyptien antique - Un calendrier solaire avec une année de 365 jours comprenant trois saisons de 120 jours chacune et un mois intercalaire de cinq jours dits épagénoménaux. Les trois saisons reposaient sur les variations du Nil, de l’inondation aux basses eaux.
(Traditionnal) Chinese calendar - A lunisolar calendar fixing years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena. It prevails for certain traditional holidays and for selecting days for weddings, funerals or even for starting a business. It was developed during the Spring and Autumn period.
The solar calendar or Haab consisted of 18 months of 20 days each, which adds up to 360 days, plus an additional month of five days at the end of the year known as the Wayeb. Each day is represented by a number in the month followed by the name of the month.
Ethiopian calendar (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር; yä'Ityoṗṗya zëmän aḳoṭaṭär) or Eritrean calendar - Official calendar in Ethiopia, based on the Coptic calendar with a leap day, every four years. It has twelve months with 30 days each and a thirteenth month called Pagume with five or six days depending on the year.
Julian calendar – A calendar established by Julius Caesar in 46BCE reforming the previous Roman calendar. It was replaced by the Gregorian calendar in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, but is still used by Eastern Orthodox Church, the Imazighen, the Amish and others…
Maya calendars - A system of calendars consisting of several cycles (counts) of different lengths with the Tzolkin, a 260-day count and the Haabʼ, a 365-day count. Both form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haabʼ: the Calendar Round. Used by pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and by modern groups in the Guatemalan highlands.
Calendriers mayas - Un système de calendriers consistant en plusieurs cycles (comptes) de différentes longueurs avec le Tzolkin, un compte de 260 jours et le Haabʼ, un compte de 365 jours. Les deux forment un cycle synchronisé d'une durée de 52 Haab'. Utilisé en Méso-Amérique précolombienne ainsi que par des groupes contemporains figurant sur les hauts plateaux guatémaltèques.
Muslim, or Hijri calendar (التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī) - A lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days established as the Islamic New Year of 622CE.
"It is believed that the Egyptians greatly feared these days due to the prevalence of plague and disease, attributed to the wanderers (SmAjw) and slaughterers (xAtjw) of the goddess, Sekhmet, which were particularly rife at the end of the calendar year. Magical texts, such as the Book of the Last Day of the Year on Papyrus Leiden I 346, were recited in order to pacify the goddess, and rituals were performed, for example, the application of linen bandages inscribed with certain deities to the throat to ward off the effects of plague." (source: egyptianaemporium.wordpress.com)
The duration of 235 lunar synodic months corresponding to 19 years with a minute difference of one hour 27 minutes and 33 seconds, it was fixed that at the end of a cycle of 19 years, the same dates of the year correspond almost at the same phases of the Moon. The name metonic cycle comes from the astronomer Meton (fifth century BCE).
La durée de 235 mois synodiques lunaires correspondant à 19 années tropiques avec une différence infime d’une heure 27 minutes et 33 secondes, il a été fixé qu’au terme d’un cycle de 19 ans, les mêmes dates de l'année correspondent presque aux mêmes phases de la Lune. Le nom de cycle métonique lui vient de l'astronome Méton (Ve siècle av. J.-C.).
In the Mongolian calendar, the lunar phases are named; Bituun (for the dark moon), Shined (new crescent moon), Tergel (full moon), and Huuchid (waxing moon).
"The Egyptian year was divided into twelve months of thirty days each, which means that each year was about five days short of the astronomical year. To compensate for this difference, five extra days were added to the year, called epagomenal days. Because they were not part of the normal year created by the gods, the Egyptian regarded these days as particularly ominous, and texts have survived listing exactly what may and may not be done during this period." (source: globalegyptianmuseum.org)
Known as the "birthdays of the gods" in the Egyptian calendar, the epagomenal days were celebrating the birth of: 1 Osiris 2. Horus 3. Set 4. Isis 5. Nephthys.
Wayeb is a period of five days additional to the 18 months of Maya calendar (360 days), said to be dangerous and detrimental to the people, usually staying home and avoiding any activity at risk during this time.
Hebrew or Jewish calendar (הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי, Ha-Luah ha-Ivri) - Luni-solar calendar composed of solar years, lunar months, and seven-day weeks beginning on Sunday and ending on Saturday, Shabbat day. It begins with Genesis (Bereshit), said to correspond to the year 3761BCE in the Gregorian calendar. The years comprise twelve or thirteen lunar months, according to a so-called metonic cycle.
Calendrier hébreu
calendrier hébraïque (הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי, Ha-Luah ha-Ivri) - Calendrier luni-solaire composé d’années solaires, de mois lunaires, et de semaines de sept jours commençant le dimanche et se terminant le samedi, jour du chabbat. Il commence avec la Genèse (Beréshit), correspondant à l’an 3761 avant l’ère chrétienne du calendrier grégorien. Les années comportent douze ou treize mois lunaires, selon un cycle dit métonique.
A system which purpose is to set the date according to certain beliefs or science(s) which lasts a certain period of time and sometimes falls into oblivion... Its uses are of primary importance in the frame of human activities be they individual or collective, private or public, sacred or profane...
calendrier
Un système dont le but est de fixer la date en fonction de certaines croyances ou d'une ou plusieurs sciences. Son recours dure un certain temps et tombe parfois dans l'oubli... Ses utilisations sont de première importance dans le cadre des activités humaines qu'elles soient individuelles ou collectives, privées ou publiques, sacrées ou profanes...
Calendar Pantopic Scheme
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“The sky is divided into 24 segments or jiéqì (节气) based on the seasons of the year. The earliest calendars assumed that the motion of the sun was constant and divided the year into 24 segments with equal numbers of days. This method is called píngqì (平气). Because the motion of the sun is not consistent, this was found to be inaccurate. The calendar then changed to a method where the ecliptic (the path of the sun as seen from earth) was divided into 24 equal parts of 15 degrees. This method is called dìngqì (定气). Calendars from the Warring States Period through the Ming Dynasty used the pingqi method in their designs and only changed to the more accurate dingqi method during the Qing Dynasty.” (source: hua.umf.maine.edu)
The 24 jiéqì 节气 consist of the succession of 立春 Lì chūn "Beginning of spring" (Spring festival), 雨水 Yǔ shuĭ "Rain water", 惊蛰 Jīng zhé "Waking of insects", 春分 Chūn fēn "Spring equinox" (March 21), 清明 Qīng míng "Pure brightness", etc.
